Dieet
Kas dieet ravib põletikulist soolehaigust?
Üks toitumissekkumine kutsub remissiooni esile umbes sama hästi kui steroidid. Enamikku ülejäänutest toetavad tõendid palju vähem, kui internet väidab.
Eksklusiivne enteraalne toitmine
Kuus kuni kaheksa nädalat ainsa toiduallikana tarvitatav vedel toitesegu kutsub lastel esineva Crohni tõve korral esile remissiooni kortikosteroididega võrreldaval määral — ilma kasvupeetuseta, mis muudab steroidid laste puhul probleemseks. Suures osas Euroopa lastegastroenteroloogia praktikas on see esmavaliku ravi.
Miks see toimib, on tegelikult ebaselge. Võimalike selgitustena on pakutud toiduantigeenide eemaldamist, mikrobioomi muutmist, toidulisandite eemaldamist ja lihtsalt täisväärtusliku toitumise tagamist. See ebakindlus on oluline, sest just seetõttu ei oska keegi öelda, milliseid tavalise toitumise osi tuleks sama efekti saavutamiseks eemaldada.
Enteraalne toitmine remissiooni esilekutsumiseks
Kiudained: vaieldav, ja mitte nii, nagu arvatakse
Süstemaatiline ülevaade ja metaanalüüs uuris kiudainerikkaid dieete Crohni tõve korral [2]. Pilt on soodsam, kui traditsiooniline väherkäärimisjääkidega dieedi soovitus eeldas — kuid ühe olulise erandiga, mis kokkuvõtetes sageli kaduma läheb.
Aktiivse haiguse korral, millega kaasneb striktuur, võib mahukas lahustumatu kiudaine põhjustada soolesulgust. See on mehaaniline, mitte põletikuline probleem, ja seetõttu ei toimi üldine soovitus kõigi puhul. Vaikses faasis haiguse korral ilma striktuurideta kehtib üldine kiudainete kohta käiv tõendusmaterjal — vt meie soole-aju tõenduspõhist veebilehte.
Kõik ülejäänu
| Lähenemine | Tõendid | Hinnang |
|---|---|---|
| Eksklusiivne enteraalne toitmine | Tugev, lastel esinev Crohni tõbi | Tõeline ravi |
| Crohni tõve elimineeriv dieet | Kasvav randomiseeritud tõendusmaterjal | Paljutõotav |
| Vahemere dieet | Üldine tervis, piiratud IBD-spetsiifiline tõendusmaterjal | Mõistlik vaikevalik |
| Vähe-FODMAP | Sümptomite leevendus, mitte põletiku vähendamine [4] | Ainult sümptomaatiline |
| Spetsiifiline süsivesikute dieet | Piiratud, vastuoluline | Pole tõestatud |
| Gluteenivaba dieet ilma tsöliaakiata | IBD-spetsiifiline tõendusmaterjal puudub | Ei ole näidustatud |
| IgG-testimisel põhinev elimineerimisdieet | Kehtivus puudub | Vältida |
FODMAP-i rida väärib erilist rõhutamist, sest seda mõistetakse kõige valesti. Vähese FODMAP-sisaldusega dieedid võivad IBD korral märkimisväärselt vähendada puhitust ja valu — kuid ei vähenda põletikku. Parem enesetunne, samal ajal kui põletik jätkub, on tõeliselt ohtlik tulemus, mistõttu peab sümptomitel põhinev toitumise juhtimine käima käsikäes objektiivse jälgimisega, mitte seda asendama.
Vallandavad toidud
Toidutalumatuse ja elimineerimisdieetide süstemaatiline ülevaade IBD korral kinnitab seda, mida patsiendid juba teavad: vallandajad on tõelised, individuaalsed ja inimeseti erinevad. Valideeritud loetelu ei ole olemas. Ainus usaldusväärne meetod on süstemaatiline isiklik jälgimine — mis on pigem andmeprobleem kui teadmiste probleem, ja just seetõttu on teie enda mustrit õppiv skaneerimisrakendus kasulikum kui trükitud infoleht.
Korduma kippuvad küsimused
Kas ma saan oma IBD-d ravida ainult toitumisega?
Kas ma peaksin kiudaineid vältima?
Kas toidutalumatuse vereanalüüsid aitavad?
Kas vähese FODMAP-sisaldusega dieeti tasub proovida?
References
Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.
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